The Science Pawdcast

August 2023 Science Bites: Decoding Cosmic Riddles, Glowing Frogs, and Beavers

• Jason Zackowski

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Once a month we will be doing a special podcast episode called Science Bites!
It's a short program where Kris and I have some fun banter back and forth while we cover 5-6 of the most wholesome and fun science studies of that month.

We hope you enjoy Science Bites!

Show Notes:

Have you ever wondered how the universe communicates its secrets? Prepare to be tantalized by cosmic riddles as we decode the mysteries of black holes and gravitational waves. This week, we're setting our sights high - beyond the clouds, stars, and galaxies - and inviting you to join us in exploring these celestial enigmas. We're also decoding the secret anti-counterfeiting techniques employed by none other than Ben Franklin during colonial times.

As we return to Earth, we plunge into the glowing world of South American frogs that use fluorescence for communication. We'll shed light on how these fascinating creatures fend off predators and attract mates. We'll also fly high with our feathered friends, discovering how they've repurposed anti-bird spikes into unlikely homes. And we didn't forget about the green side of things - we're decoding plant distress signals, talking about a unique baby giraffe, and delving into a promising gene therapy trial for a specific type of muscular dystrophy.

Finally, we'll get our feet wet and flow with the science of beavers, as a bunch have moved into our creek area building up a storm!

Buckle up for this journey of discovery - we're ready to serve up a feast of information, spiced with humor and insightful tidbits, to satisfy your science curiosity.

You'll laugh, you'll gasp, you'll learn - so why wait?

Let's bite into science together!

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Speaker 1:

Hello science enthusiasts, welcome to SciChat. My name is Jason Zikowski. I'm the dog dad of Bunsen and Beaker the science dogs on social media.

Speaker 2:

My co-host is Hi there, my name is Chris Zikowski and I am the dog mom to Bunsen and Beaker and the cat mom to Ginger.

Speaker 1:

Every week in SciChat we usually bring you an expert, but this is a special SciChat that we're calling Science Bites, because it's going to be short, sweet and a roundup of some really fun science stories from the last month in a bit. So let's start Science Bites, hey.

Speaker 2:

Let's take a bite out of Science Bites Right.

Speaker 1:

so a little bit different format. We are going to go through these science articles with some. Chris and I are going to have some back and forth and then we'll have a very short Q&A at the end. So it's mostly going to be what we hope is informative and silly entertainment, and then you'll get to learn and get caught up on some of the newest science discoveries.

Speaker 2:

Okay, so so would you say, that's edutainment.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, we're aiming for edutainment with the Science Bites. That's right Now. In the title I said black holes. I'm going to talk a little bit about black holes. Gravitational waves have been making the news for the last two years. Do you remember when they first detected gravitational waves at LIGO, chris, how the space nerds went crazy for that? They were like going cuckoo for cucko puffs.

Speaker 2:

Absolutely. But I think what is more interesting is you recently created a TikTok video about where Bunson was teaching Bifur about the gravitational waves and Ellie Arnice was. Well, arnice was looking at it and learning a lot from it. And there's just the power of TikTok in those short form videos where the content meets their little brains their big brains.

Speaker 1:

It is wild. Those videos maybe don't play as well with adults, but our other nephew, james he was just going through all the TikToks watching the educational videos of Bunson and Beaker talking to each other. Yeah, so gravitational waves are created from basically huge interactions between things that have just mind-boggling, mind-boggling amount of gravity, like black holes. They get too close to each other or they actually collide and it warps the fabric of space time. This is very hard to imagine that we sit inside something called space time and from these collisions or these near misses, the thing that we exist in gets stretched like a rubber band and then snaps back together again. And those waves, like the waves or a ripple on a pond if you throw a little rock into the pond, they propagate, they go out from the source. And Einstein, way back when, theorized that they existed, but there was no technology to prove him right or wrong and most physicists were probably like, okay, einstein, whatever, but we're still doing this guy's homework because they're real. Ligo detected them and the news story that I'm going to talk briefly about is that they're now able to take that data from LIGO of the gravitational waves that washed over Earth and run simulations based on the physics. That's a big part of science. If you talk to any scientist, they are constantly using computer models and data from the real world to change things here or there to get a better, better picture of the universe, down to teeny tiny things like drug interactions inside a cell.

Speaker 1:

So the scientists looked at collisions between black holes and then they measured how fast the black holes have to be moving to make gravitational waves. So they worked their way back round. But they worked their way back and it turns out those black holes, before they collide, they start to do this death spiral around each other. They're moving about one tenth the speed of light. Now it's very hard to wrap your head around how fast light moves. Now, in kilometers, that's one tenth the speed of light is almost 30,000 kilometers per second. So you would be able to hop on one of these black holes in New York and get to the moon in 13 seconds. So that's how fast these gravitational waves are moving. But space is hella big, so it takes forever for these gravitational waves to reach Earth. So something may have happened millions and or billions of years ago and we're now just detecting them as these gravitational waves hit Earth. So what do you think we'd feel? More gravitational waves or Bunsen jumping on the bed?

Speaker 2:

I definitely feel it when Bunsen jumps on the bed.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, so just a reminder, gravitational waves happen at the atomic level. There are flecks of space-time so small we would never feel them, because if we did, we would all get turned into spaghetti. So it's a good thing we can't feel gravitational waves. And yes, when Bunsen jumps on the bed he creates his own gravitational waves.

Speaker 2:

I do want to talk about Ben Franklin and counterfeiting money.

Speaker 1:

Really you're not going to talk about when he was in the office and he was hitting on Pam.

Speaker 2:

I definitely thought about that, how Ben Franklin was his lease ball in the office. Yeah, when he was hitting on Pam. And my favorite part is when Michael's like, but you were a president, and Ben Franklin's like, no, but yeah, you were. And if Ben Franklin can be president, how come Elizabeth can't? Anyway, so that's a little bit of the office lore, but I'm not sure if people are aware they might be that Benjamin Franklin had a printing business among all the other things that he had going on.

Speaker 1:

I feel like he was just bored generally all the time and just did random stuff to keep himself his mind occupied.

Speaker 2:

Maybe, but his printing business produced paper money to support the colonial economy and he used innovative methods to thwart counterfeiters.

Speaker 1:

Oh my goodness, there were counterfeiters back then.

Speaker 2:

There were counterfeiters back then, absolutely so. Researchers at the University of Notre Dame analyzed early colonial paper money bills to understand the anti-counterfeiting techniques that were used.

Speaker 1:

What did Ben Franklin do Like? Make a little tiny picture of himself giving finger guns, like in the corner.

Speaker 2:

Oh yeah, so there were techniques such as infrared and electron energy, law spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. Those revealed features like colored threads and mineral. That was embedded in the paper, oh, yeah, I think he pronounced muscovite.

Speaker 1:

Muscovite yeah, he put muscovite in the early paper.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, and what that muscovite did is? It created reflective and unique features that counterfeiters couldn't reproduce.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, so they would hold the paper up to light and it would shimmer because of the muscovite.

Speaker 2:

Right, because muscovite is a mineral that belongs to the microgroup of minerals and it peels into thin, flexible sheets or layers and it's often transparent or translucent and it's pearly, so it made it excellent for putting into the paper.

Speaker 1:

Is Franklin on any of the American money? I want to say we might have to get the Americans to talk about that because, like we're a Canadian yeah, I don't know. I think he is because it's called a. Maybe it is Frank on Money. I'm just googling right now. Jason, that the hundred dollar note features a portrait of Ben Franklin.

Speaker 2:

Jason, the. The Frank is not Franklin what?

Speaker 1:

No, I know like.

Speaker 2:

Okay.

Speaker 1:

Nobody, it's he's on the hundred dollar bill nice. Isn't that kind of egotistical to put yourself on the money and then develop ways that it can't be counterfeited? That's, that's a genius.

Speaker 2:

No, he was just making sure that he could support the colonial economy right, that was big to fight against those Brits. Yes, and that his methods Influence future and anti counterfeiting Measures. And his paper money was groundbreaking groundbreaking for its time.

Speaker 1:

I know I tease, but it's pretty brilliant. This is a great idea. No, did he infuse maple syrup in the bills?

Speaker 2:

No, but we did with our hundred dollar bills. I know we have this new polymer money.

Speaker 1:

Yes, everybody hated it. But then they smelt it and it smelled like maple syrup and the Canadians were like, oh, that's not too bad.

Speaker 2:

It's not too bad. The guy the mint says no, the mint, they lie, it's a conspiracy.

Speaker 1:

Don't listen to the mint. They lie. I smelt the hundred dollar bill. It smells like maple syrup.

Speaker 2:

That's a lie. We're still part of.

Speaker 1:

We're still part of the empire, aren't we? What is Canada? Constitutional monarchy?

Speaker 2:

Yeah, we are part of the Commonwealth.

Speaker 1:

That's right. We still have. We still have the monarchy on our bills.

Speaker 2:

Yes, but have you seen King Charles on there yet?

Speaker 1:

I do not want to.

Speaker 2:

Okay, I haven't seen him yet.

Speaker 1:

I do not want to see that on my bill. Thank you very much. Sorry to any of the Brits that are listening. We've probably lost all of the British people.

Speaker 2:

Well, I I'm just saying like a lot of people don't necessarily carry cash any longer and the transactions are done through debit or credit.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, so we don't necessarily see paper money anymore as frequently and just remember, if you are British, we do honor you by spelling things with the you like color. So that's an olive branch and I can extend right now.

Speaker 2:

Jason, I always fell with the Canadian spent spelling.

Speaker 1:

I know I change it and you make me change it back.

Speaker 2:

I do.

Speaker 1:

Should we talk about? Should we talk about frogs?

Speaker 2:

You know what I do like frogs.

Speaker 1:

That's a bit of a right turn. But the next science story we're gonna talk about is frogs. This is wild. They found that South African frogs Basically glow green and orange at certain times of the day.

Speaker 1:

I don't know who wasn't paying attention to the frogs and Wasn't looking close enough to see that they started to glow, because I would be like boy. That's weird. Somebody should write that down. But they found that South af, south American frogs or if I said South African I meant South American South American frogs are Bio fluorescent and way more than they thought. The whole idea is that they glow as a form of communication and they tested over a hundred and fifty frog species to see if they glow. They started, they had this glowy, glowy power. It may have be not noticeable to the human eyes, so I was a little bit facetious there with tongue-in-cheek, because they glow, perhaps in a spectrum that we don't necessarily See great with our eyes, but the frog eye is not a human eye and if you see a female frog glowing nice and green in the twilight hours, well, time to get jiggy, I guess, or something like that, and make some little froggy babies, because I'm gonna be the other way around what usually.

Speaker 2:

Usually it's the male that would exhibit the bright colors or Flashy dance.

Speaker 1:

I do believe it's both male and females in this case. Okay yeah, they both. They both glow and and I could do some further reading it didn't really miss specify the sex, which one load it's, but it's form of communication.

Speaker 2:

So, but in terms of reproduction, I was just yeah, yeah.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, normally the male is a lot more showy and the female isn't.

Speaker 2:

Usually with frogs. They just lay their eggs in the water and the male comes along and deposits.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, it's a community, it's time to mate, it's a mating thing. So yeah, they're not. They get jiggy a little different way. Let's just say is that what you're getting at?

Speaker 2:

Well, I kind of am, and now I'm just regretting it, because if we're using this for educational purposes, hey, kids got to learn about sex.

Speaker 1:

Maybe, maybe not grade twos, because they're gonna be giggling. This would be good for, like, middle school or high school kids. No, here's a wild thing. They're looking to see if, like, they're looking to see Okay, kristen, they're looking to see if the glow is Specific, because there's a green glow and there's an orange glow and they're leaning towards the green glow is Probably to tell other frogs special messages. But the orange glow may be picked up by predators and Some of these frogs, like, if the predator eats them, they die, like they're, they're poisonous or they toxic. I forget, they're toxic, so they're toxic frogs, and so it's like a warning. If you see the orange glow, it's bad news, bears, don't eat that frog. Anyways, that's a pretty cool little study. I love frogs. You love turtles though, right?

Speaker 2:

I do like turtles. Yeah, I also like. I do like turtles, I like turtles.

Speaker 1:

Okay, well, that's, that's the frogs. Hi, you're coming to eat frog here.

Speaker 2:

That's perfect. I miss piggy no.

Speaker 1:

You got to get Adam. Adam is so good at voices.

Speaker 2:

Adam is so good at voices, but he's in Canmore, right now he's not here. Yes, Um, so I want to talk about Birds getting around the anti bird spikes.

Speaker 1:

What's that anti bird spike? What?

Speaker 2:

Well, so it would be a deterrent for birds to go certain places.

Speaker 1:

Oh, so they don't want like birds to nest in areas, or like get at crop or something.

Speaker 2:

Mm-hmm. The crows integrated the spikes into the nest structure and magpies likely used these anti bird spikes to deter other birds.

Speaker 1:

So they made their nests in the anti bird spikes.

Speaker 2:

Mm-hmm.

Speaker 1:

That's like a.

Speaker 2:

You can't stop us. And magpies, they created domed roofs over the nest to protect their eggs, and in cities they use available materials. So some things that we did in the Badlands when we were walking with Bunsen is he was super hot, so what we would do is we would pull out the clumps of his hair that he was like shed maged in, and we're just like, it's fine, it'll just be used for nesting material for the birds.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, I think those urban birds use a lot of hair.

Speaker 2:

And Bunsen provided a lot of it.

Speaker 1:

So that was a big backfire. Then they built these anti bird spikes and the birds were like not today. And they made their nests in these bird bird spikes.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, so the anti bird spikes served as a modern replacement for thorny branches and urban areas and observations considered these are fascinating observations, but further experiments need to take place to confirm the deterrent purpose.

Speaker 1:

Okay, so that's cool. Yeah, it's like it's kind of ironic that they would spend all that money to get rid of the birds and the birds and just lived in the thing. It's like a bird making a nest in a scarecrow. That would be super frustrating.

Speaker 2:

That would be super funny. That would make an amazing meme. The scarecrow. But then the crow is nesting on the scarecrow.

Speaker 1:

Well, I have seen pictures of birds not too freaked out about scarecrows, didn't we have like a? There's a lumberjack that has a massive garden on our property. Yes, we're very Canadian, we know a lumberjack, we actually know multiple lumberjacks, and they have. They give us free wood and then the part of that is they have a giant garden and anyways, but they will put up a bunch of scarecrow, didn't he? But it didn't work. One of the types of birds we have eight dollars peas.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, it was a bad year.

Speaker 1:

Right. When you get really thirsty, chris, do you? How do you feel? Like, have you ever been so thirsty? You've been like, please give me water, like Spongebob, you know, and Spongebob would get so dry Water. Yeah, exactly, this is wild, but when tomato and tobacco plants are extremely dehydrated, they actually call for help. By accident, scientists recorded plants at a ultrasonic frequency and they detected that during when the plant was in drought, they had a alarm call, which was a series of clicks. It's very hard to wrap your head around that the plants are making these sounds when they're like so thirsty, but it's true. And guess what? They slowed it down so we could hear it, and I have the recording. Do you guys want to hear what a thirsty tomato plant sounds like? Like a tomato plant that's calling out for help?

Speaker 2:

I sure do.

Speaker 1:

Okay, so I think this will work. I've got a hooked up to the roadcaster here. Here's what it sounds like. Can you hear that, chris?

Speaker 2:

Yeah, and he's saying feed me, see more, feed me, see more.

Speaker 1:

No, it's just Little top of horror. Yeah, it's ultrasonic clips and the wild thing is that each plant species had a different click. So the tobacco plant and the tomato plant, they had distinct clicking sounds. So the scientists were like this is wild.

Speaker 1:

If we set up microphones we could listen to plants and hear when they were stressed out and that could like sound and alarm that they needed to be watered. Because you could listen to your plants and like I guess you probably wouldn't want to wait till your plant is like help me help, and then you decide to give them water. But that's literally what it is. No, they don't have vocal cords like us. They don't have brains like us. It is what they theorize. It's bubbles forming and popping in their xylem tissue. So the xylem and flow mute. The xylem tissue within a plant carries water and it's probably due to that dehydration that these bubbles are forming and popping. Kind of like when you put milk on snap crackle, pop Kellogg's rice Krispies, you know, like when you put your ear next to that, it was like making a little crackly sounds. Did you eat rice Krispies, kris? Or just in? Yeah, yeah. Did you ever listen to the sound?

Speaker 2:

Yes.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, it didn't go. Snap crackle pop, it was pretty cool.

Speaker 2:

It does. Okay, do you think it has anything to do with transpiration in this tomato and opening and closing?

Speaker 1:

Well, now that you mentioned that, that's getting into Science 10 material in the Alberta curriculum possibly.

Speaker 2:

Interesting how I might know that I know.

Speaker 1:

I know it's the worst unit. Hey kids, we're going to learn about plants it was good. No, they don't care about plants. Plants are awesome, but not to a grade 10 student. I'll tell you that we need to make a new unit called giraffes or something like that, or glowy.

Speaker 2:

Did you see the new baby giraffe at the zoo that was born without any markings.

Speaker 1:

It was a naked giraffe. Yeah, it's pretty cute. On the good news front, there's a clinical trial starting for gene therapy with a specific type of muscular dystrophy. That's the DMD version. I do believe it's pronounced Duchenne muscular dystrophy Somebody can correct me in the chat. It's the most prevalent form. So there's like five or six main types and then a whole bunch of other types of muscular dystrophy. I did not know that, I just thought they were all one type of their special kinds.

Speaker 1:

There's mutations which basically decreases a type of protein which keeps your muscle cells in the right shape and if they're not in the right shape they're susceptible to damage and that's what leads to muscle wasting, specifically walking and mobility, and then eventually heart failure. So the DMD type of muscular dystrophy is not great. It's genetic and your body just doesn't make that specific type of protein and that's like one of the Lego bits you need to make muscle. So the good news is that they found a way to put a gene into a virus that will insert that gene into muscle cells to start pumping up this protein, and they're starting clinical trials with it Now. They're hopeful, by fall, to have some data. So we're going to I'm personally I'm going to keep an eye on this and then we'll update everybody in October. That's when they're hopeful to have results from their clinical trial.

Speaker 1:

The whole idea is that it may not give people a ton of relief let's say you're 10 or 12 or 16. But if they catch it early enough, they can give the babies this type of gene therapy. That way they don't have muscle damage. The muscle damage will basically be averted and they could lead a normal life. However, they would still carry the gene for muscular dystrophy. So a little bit of good news there, chris.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, that is a little bit of good news.

Speaker 1:

Yeah.

Speaker 2:

Thank you for breaking down that article.

Speaker 1:

Okay, you wanted to talk about beavers.

Speaker 2:

I did because I thought our whole show was going to be about beavers and I like to contribute to the chat, and so I found an article, a recent study about beaver ponds and with deeper sediments they store more nitrogen. Okay, so simple mapping reveals this, and it was a study done while Dene Marie I believe that's how you would say Dene's name was at the Utah State University.

Speaker 1:

Okay.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, so she said it depends on the river, but for the sites like the one that they studied, reintroducing beavers could be a wise decision. And you know who else commented on the article that was written.

Speaker 1:

Oh, I know our friend to side chat.

Speaker 2:

Yes.

Speaker 1:

Dr Emily Fairfax.

Speaker 2:

Yes, but Dr Emily was not part of the study but she definitely talked about this new approach of looking at geomorphic units within a beaver complex. It's going to be helpful for understanding why beavers reduce nitrogen or heavy metals or acid mine drainage. And it's kind of funny. Emily Fairfax is a hydrologist and self-described beaverologist, if you will.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, I think, because she studies the way water moves. Beavers, basically, are critical to how water moves, like they just do it.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, but a big takeaway for Marie in this study is that mapping the zones of beaver ponds is a powerful tool on its own, and land managers could skip the chemical analysis if they're just looking to estimate how the nitrogen is cycling. So it's quite expensive to get your water tested.

Speaker 1:

So they could just say we have beavers, we're good.

Speaker 2:

Not necessarily, because it depends on the makeup of the pond or the river.

Speaker 1:

Oh, okay, gotcha.

Speaker 2:

If it's a nitrogen sink or if it's a nitrogen not sink. What's the opposite of that?

Speaker 1:

I don't know. It's rich in nitrogen.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, so what they found? That ponds with thicker organic rich sediments and shallow, low oxygen water are more likely to store nitrogen, whereas fast removing ponds with more oxygen and less sediment are more likely to release nitrogen. So some of it is a store and others release, and so I'm just thinking about how does that impact us? Because if you think of the runoff from the phosphorus and the nitrogen, Like from farming right.

Speaker 2:

From farming into a waterway and neutrification, what this is going to do to our waterway. This just has me thinking, being so close to farmland and the impact that this is going to have on our land.

Speaker 1:

I would hazard a guess if I was to take a water test kit from the school and I could do that I would hazard a guess that creek water is higher in nitrogen because it is running through copious amounts of farmland. So yeah, that's wild. I am the most curious to see in spring what is going to happen, because, with the beavers making all of those dams in the creek because it turns into a river and that water is going to be nowhere to go. What is going to happen, chris? Are the beavers just going to make a lake back there for us?

Speaker 2:

That's what it is Well, you have to remember that my grandpa learned to swim. Yeah swim in the creek and we always were like what? But perhaps there was some beaver activity when he was a young boy.

Speaker 1:

Yeah.

Speaker 2:

And it was definitely deep enough for him to learn to swim in.

Speaker 1:

Oh, because behind the beaver dams it's probably up to my chest in places and there should be no water Like that. The creek in where we are, where the beavers are like it, should be dry at this point in August because it's a runoff creek with a very slow natural spring. So, like it is bananas. There's so much water right there Like beaker was swimming in it.

Speaker 2:

I know she just jumped in.

Speaker 1:

She took one step and was over her head and she's like whoops Well she fell in that one day. Yeah.

Speaker 2:

Yeah, so I just think it's really, really interesting that the beavers decided to move in.

Speaker 1:

And luckily we don't have to worry about any downstream effects. Like that, creek is not feeding livestock. If it floods over there, it's not gonna affect us because we live up high on top of a bluff. The beavers will do what they will do and we are just totally okay with letting them do it and seeing what happens.

Speaker 2:

And there's not necessarily a lot of studies that have delved into the changes of nitrogen, whether it's how nitrogen undergoes transformations within equal systems, whether it's stored or released. But as we know from our podcast before, our side chat before, beavers can play a positive role in ecosystems and they reduce erosion and we've definitely witnessed what they do.

Speaker 1:

What do they do?

Speaker 2:

Well, they make these little mud pies and with rocks in them, and they shore up the sides of the creek.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, the one beaver who got the short straw that day. They're like Bill got the short straw and they're like Bill guess what? Bill's like dang it, cause he's the guy that's like mixing rocks and mud and turning it into like I don't know Roman concrete, and like making the walls of the creek better. So wild.

Speaker 2:

I mean, I'm not sure like what is going on here, but they also do. They make scent mounds as well.

Speaker 1:

Okay, maybe that's what Beaker was rolling in.

Speaker 2:

No, I think she was rolling in poop.

Speaker 1:

Okay, ew.

Speaker 2:

But I didn't Google what Beaver poop looks like, but it could have been deer poop. But she was definitely very happy in their little work area. We took her on leash today.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, we're definitely gonna keep her on leash when we're around that just for her safety.

Speaker 2:

For her safety, for sure.

Speaker 1:

One more thing that is hilarious is I found two piles of perfectly rounded rocks and it's like they left those there because, for whatever, I don't know what they're doing with those rocks, but they are like. They are three rocks and a little perfect pile, and I was just have this visual of a Beaver waddling with these giant. Like if you put your hands together, that's how big the rocks are. Like if you collapse your hands together. Just have this like comical vision of a Beaver with its little raccoon hands waddling with these giant rocks and like this is a good rock and he just leaves it there and he finds another one oh, this one's good too and he puts it with the other ones. I don't know why those rocks are there, but I'm gonna check the next time we go down there if those little rock, the Beaver's rock piles, are still there. Well, that's the end of your Beaver story, I think, hey.

Speaker 2:

It's just cool that it's happening, and I'm not sure if you're aware, but Beaver populations were decimated between the 1600s and 1800s, so it's nice to find the science behind reintroducing them to an area.

Speaker 1:

Yeah, sounds like Bunsen is excited for Beaver's.

Speaker 2:

No, you went tikka tikka, tikka, tikka, and he heard that.

Speaker 1:

No, that is the cat. I have closed the door and the cat jumps up and tries to open the door. So if you heard that at home that is Ginger outside my podcast recording room flinging herself into the air and trying to open the door.

Speaker 2:

That's a good idea.

Speaker 1:

Okay, thanks for coming to our science roundup. I appreciate everybody's questions. It's a little different. Next Tuesday we will be back with science guests On the. It's ironic, next Tuesday we have somebody who specializes in water, so they are all about water, but more on the science of how water is used for power, both in nuclear gas, coal and even hydro, hydro and even hydro power.